悉尼代写essay 代写作业《法国中尉的女人》中的否定思想
2012-01-04 21:18:02   来源：   评论：0 点击：

  
学科专业名称 英语语言文学  
中文摘要 福尔斯是英国杰出的小说家和散文家。从此,福尔斯成为全职小说家。他出色的叙事天赋使得他的作品大都是畅销书。他还是一个人文主义者,平等的思想是他的小说中常见的主题。《法国中尉的女人》是福尔斯最受欢迎的小说之一。它细腻的现实主义描写和异想天开的后现代技巧给读者创造了广大的想象空间。小说还被改变为同名电影,获得了当年最佳奥斯卡影片提名。《时代》在2005年将这部小说评为1923年以来最杰出的百部小说之一。 本文从老子的反者“道”之动和庄子的逍遥的思想的角度,剖析了《法国中尉的女人》中人物的否定思想与西方哲学的异同。否定思想是道家思想的实质,认为人们应该否定偏见和名利,获得内心的平静和自由。 本论文由引言、正文和结论三部分组成。其主要内容如下: 第一部分前言,简要分析了福尔斯文学创作的历史背景和重要地位,对这部作品的国内外研究现状进行了述评,同时说明了本文的研究方法和理论价值。 第二章从老子的反者“道”之动的角度对小说人物进行了分析。老子认为“道”是主宰世间万物的东西,而且“道”的运动方式是循环的,其具体体现之一就是“柔弱胜刚强”。因为处于弱势的一方会因为不断强大而战胜最初强大的一方。所以,老子倡导人们贵柔。在小说中萨拉在力量不及封建势力的情况下,否定了强胜于弱的偏见,采取了以退为进和贵柔的策略。她将自己置于社会的底层,使得自己不会再承受更多的道德负担。她还通过示弱的方式争得查尔斯的同情和支持,从而为进一步争取独立做准备。萨拉否定道德和责任,追求自由。这种做法在西方存在主义思想中也有体现。 老子反者“道”之动的另一个重要体现就是无为。老子认为事物的发展周而复始,而人们应该把握“度”,而不要固执,这就是无为。查尔斯的行为和思想表现出对陈旧僵化的社会价值观的否定和对人性回归的渴望。但是,查尔斯所幻想的乌托邦社会和老子小国寡民的理想社会一样,是一种面对现实的逃避,甚至倒退。这是查尔斯不切实际的一面。 第三章从庄子逍遥的思想角度,对小说人物和作者进行了分析。庄子主张人们否定偏见和名利,保持内心的宁静,对世间万物观赏而无所求。因此,庄子说至人无己,神人无功,圣人无名。 在无己方面,查尔斯发现自然中的每个物种都有自己的特点和作用,懂得了万物平等的道理,否定了对自我的执着。他对别人的同情心和帮助都是在这个思想的基础上的。但是,查尔斯对万物平等的看法夸大了事物的相对性,这是他不切实际的一面。 在无功方面,查尔斯否定了名利的价值,没有和伯父好好相处,失去了继承权。他还拒绝了弗里曼从商的要求,与欧内斯蒂娜分手,受到了弗里曼的惩罚。失去了绅士地位的查尔斯也十分愤怒,这些都是查尔斯迫不得已接受的现实,也是他被动的一面。萨拉否定了与查尔斯的婚姻和爱情,保持自己的精神自由。但是,这说明她对与查尔斯的婚姻并不自信。她担心自己不能被查尔斯的朋友接受,不能满足查尔斯的要求,不能维持神秘孤独的形象,独立的精神和现在幸福的生活状况。所以,萨拉在某种程度上是被迫放弃查尔斯的,这是萨拉消极的一面。作者也否定名利的价值,拒绝为了畅销而写作,功成名就仍住在山村里。他对维多利亚时代的文学传统的戏拟表现了他对混乱的当代的世界的讽刺,也是对社会崇尚名利的价值观的否定。 在无名方面,萨拉和福尔斯否定了语言的表达功能。庄子认为语言源自不断变化的外部世界,所以它们并不可靠。而且语言的理解受到语言本身的限制,所以人们不能执著于言说之中。萨拉在小说中被描写为圣人,暗指为耶稣。她用磁性的声音诠释圣经,用真诚的眼神感化民众。但是,萨拉否定了语言在交流中的作用,被查尔斯彻底地误解。这是萨拉不切实际的地方。福尔斯否定逻辑语言而用诗意语言表达自己对生活的诠释,与同庄子所讲的得意忘言是一致的。 第四部分结论。本文从反者“道”之动和逍遥的角度分析了作者和人物,得出的结论是:萨拉,查尔斯和福尔斯否定偏见和名利的思想有助于他们得到自由,但是这种否定思想也含有被动和不切实际的成分。  
英文摘要 John Fowles was an excellent British fictionist and essayist. From then on, Fowles became a full-time fictionist. He was a native narrator, and most of his works were best sellers. He was also a humanist and the idea of equality is a common theme in his works. The French Lieutenant’s Woman was one of John Fowles’most popular fictions.Its fine and realistic descriptions and fantastic postmodern techniques create broad room for imagination for readers. It was adapted for eponymous film, which was nominated for Oscar Prize. In 2005, the fiction was selected by Time as one of the one hundred best English fictions from 1923. In this thesis, negative thoughts of the characters in The French Lieutenant’s Woman are analyzed in terms of Lao Zi’s“In Tao the only motion is returning;”and Zhuang Zi’s thoughts of absolute freedom. Negative thoughts are essence of Taoism and hold that people should negate prejudice, fame and fortune and get a peaceful and free heart. The thesis consists of three parts: the introduction, main body and the conclusion. Their main contents are as follows: The first part is introduction. Historical background and important position of John Fowles’literary creation is briefly analyzed, description of this fiction’s study situation home and abroad is carried on, and research method and theoretical value of this thesis are explained. In the first chapter, characters are discussed in term of Lao Zi’s“In Tao the only motion is returning”. In Lao Zi’s opinion, Tao is the thing dominating the world and its law of development is to circulate and one of the concrete embodiments of this law is that“the weak overcomes the strong”, for the weak side will become stronger and overcomes the original strong side. Thus Lao Zi advises people to venerate softness. In the condition of being inferior to the feudal influence, Sarah negates the prejudice against the weak and struggles against feudal influence by adopting the strategy of retreating in order to proceed and venerating softness. She puts her in the bottom of the society and makes her bear no more moral burden. She also turns to Charles by showing weakness and enlists sympathy and support from him and paves the way for her further struggle for independence. However, Sarah is forced to adopt this strategy because her power is inferior to feudal influence and her anxiety is real to some extent and this is the passive side of her. Another important embodiment of Lao Zi’s“In Tao the only motion is returning”is inactivity. In Lao Zi’s opinion, since things move in cycles, people should do things moderately rather than obstinately and this is called inactivity. Charles’words and deeds reflect his desire to negate dated and stern social values and go back to human nature. However, Charles’illusion of Utopia is the same as Lao Zi’ideal society of small country with few citizens, which is a kind of escapement from reality and even regression. In the second chapter, characters and the author of this fiction are analyzed in term of Zhuang Zi’s thoughts of absolute freedom. Zhuang Zi deems that people should negate prejudice, fame and fortune, keep a peaceful heart, appreciate the world but not possess it. Therefore, Zhuang Zi says that“The perfect man cares for no self; the holy man cares for no merit; the sage cares for no name.” As to the aspect of caring for no self, Charles’finds in nature that every species has its own characters and functions. Thus he understands equality between everything and negates stubbornly persisting in his opinions. His sympathy and help for others are all based on these thoughts. However, Charles’thoughts of equating everything exaggerate relativity between them and this is the unreasonable side of him. As to the aspect of caring for no merit, Charles negates the value of fame and fortune. He does not get on well with his uncle and loses the right of succession. He also negates Mr. Freeman’s demand of doing business, breaks off Ernestina and is punished by Mr. Freeman. Charles is angry when his loses his gentleman position, but he has to accept it and this is his passive side. Sarah negates marriage and love with Charles to retain her spiritual freedom. However, this shows that she is not confident about marriage life with Charles. She is afraid that she can not be accepted by Charles’friends, meet Charles’requirements, or maintain mysterious and solitary image, independent spirit, and present happy living behavior. Thus she is to some extent forced to negate Charles’proposal and this is the passive side of her.The author also negates fame and fortune and refuses to write for sales volume. Even after he succeeds, he lives in the countryside. His use of parody of Victorian literary tradition is an irony to the disordered contemporary age and an negation of fame and fortune. As to the aspect of caring for no name, Sarah and Fowles negate words’functions in expression. Zhuang Zi holds that words stem from the constantly changing outside world and they are not reliable. Besides, understanding of words is restrained by words itself. Thus people should not persist in words. Sarah negates speaking as a way of expressing her thoughts. She is described as a sage and is indicated as Jesus in the fiction, for she uses beautiful voice to explain Bible and honest eyesight to move people. However, Sarah negates words’function in communication and is totally misunderstood by Charles. This is the unreasonable side of Sarah, who fails to communicate with others. Fowles negates logical words and uses poetic words to express his philosophy on life. This is in accordance with Zhuang Zi’s getting the meaning and forgetting the words. The fourth chapter is the conclusion. In this thesis, the author and characters are analyzed in term of“In Tao the Only Motion is Returning”and absolute freedom. It can be concluded that Sarah, Charles and Fowles’thoughts of negating prejudice, fame and fortune contribute to their pursuing freedom,but their negative thoughts also contain passive and unreasonable elements.