美国essay代写 论《美妙的新世界》中价值理性与工具理性的
2012-01-04 21:59:53   来源：   评论：0 点击：

    
学科专业名称 英语语言文学  
中文摘要 随着科技的发展,工具理性被过分强调而价值理性遭到忽视,导致了生态平衡的严重破坏和现代社会的种种危机,人类不同程度地被科技主导的时代所异化,因此,人类面临着极大威胁和挑战。 在二十世纪,法兰克福学派开始关注这种严重的社会危机以及人类的生存处境和命运,他们的社会批判理论揭露并解释了资本主义社会严重的社会问题；同时,表达了对人类未来发展命运的关注。 同时,新出现的西方反乌托邦小说也开始反映在科技发展过程中,工具理性被过分强调而价值理性遭到忽视所引发的种种社会危机,并试着探讨种种危机的应对方法和人类命运的出路。英国著名作家奥尔德斯·里奥纳德·赫胥黎(Aldous Leonard Huxley,1894-1963)的作品《美妙的新世界》(1932),乔治·奥威尔(George Orwell,1903-1950)的作品《一九八四》(1949)和俄罗斯作家叶·扎米亚京(Yevgeni Zamyatni,1884-1937)的《我们》(1924)就是这样的反乌托邦文学作品,这三部小说并称为二十世纪西方“反乌托邦文学的三部曲”。 在小说《美妙的新世界》里,科技创造了一个完全的人造世界,一切由科技主宰,人由人工合成、情感由科技调节,使用的一切物品都是人工制品；人类被完全异化,成为被高度统一化和规格化,被机器异化的“单面度的人”；整个的社会完全是一个科技调节的退化、病态社会。技术运用的最高目标和指导思想不是价值理性,而是在新世界里的一句箴言：“社会、一致、稳定”,这句箴言就是极权主义在小说中的体现,更是科技引起社会退化、病态的根源。无独有偶,随着科技的发展,当今的人类社会在不同程度上出现了小说中所描述的种种现象,比如,试管婴儿、人工合成物品、人类道德的滑坡、科技主导作用的不断加强等等。 小说《美妙的新世界》中所反映的问题正是科技极端发展而价值理性完全被忽视所产生的结果,是对现实社会和人类的严重警示,这正是小说《美妙的新世界》对我们时代的意义。 本文将以工具理性和价值理性的关系作为视角并运用法兰克福学派的相关理论来剖析小说《美妙的新世界》。对于工具理性和价值理性的不平衡发展所引发的人类生存危机和人类命运的出路,本文试着从三方面进行探索和论述人类发展的出路：作者在小  
英文摘要 With the development of science and technology, the emphasis of the instrumental reason had surpassed that of the value reason, which led to the ecological imbalance and the various crises of modern society; human beings had also been alienated by the tech-led era. Therefore, human beings had been facing the great threats and challenges. In twentieth century, the Frankfurt School had paid attention to the serious social crises and showed the great concerns to the existential situations of man and man's destiny. The theory of social criticism exposed and explained the serious social problems of the capitalist society, expressing the concern about the fate of mankind in the future. At the same time, the writers began to reflect the fate of mankind with the anti-utopian novels under the condition of the emphasis of the instrumental reason over the value reason leading to the various crises of modern society in the development of science and technology; the writers also attempted to deal with the various social crisis and explored the way-out of man's fate. The Russian writer Yevgeni Zamyatni (1884-1937) had created the anti-utopian works "We" (1924); the British writer Aldous Leonard Huxley (1894-1963) had written the novel "Brave New World" (1932);. George Orwell (1903-1950) had finished the representative works "1984" (1949). These anti-utopian novels such as "We" (1924), the "Brave New World' (1932), and "1984"(1949) were known as "the trilogy of anti-utopian literature" in the twentieth century. In the Brave New World, science and technology had created a completely artificial world; everything was dominated by science and technology. People were created through the synthetic way, people's emotions were regulated by the science and technology, all the appliances in daily use were artifacts, and human beings had become the "One-Dimensional Man" of the high unification and specifications completely alienated by machines. Besides, the whole morbid and decayed society was completely regulated by the science and technology. The highest goal and guiding ideology in the use of technology was not the Value Reason, but the motto in the New World "Community, Identity, Stability", which was the embodiment of totalitarianism in the novel and the roots of social degradation caused by science and technology.